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Keyuan, Zou. Law of the Sea Issues Between the United States and East Asian States. Ocean Development & International Law; Vol.39, No.1, Jan 2008, pg.69-93.
- “Although having not yet acceded to the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea, the United States has contributed to the development of the international law of the sea in numerous ways, including responding to the so-called excessive maritime claims in East Asia and creating new rules of maritime enforcement.” Keyworks: China, East Asia, law of the sea, United States.
Keuan, Zou. Maritime Boundary Delimitation in the Gulf of Tonkin. Ocean Development & International Law, 1999.
- Explores and assesses the legal issues relating to the boundary delimitation of the Gulf of Tonkin within the context of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Keywords: Bach Long Vi Island, China.
Keuan, Zou. The Sino-Vietnamese Agreement on Maritime Boundary Delimitation in the Gulf of Tonkin. Ocean Development & International Law; 2005, 36:13–24.
- “This article addresses the recently ratified Sino-Vietnamese Boundary Delimitation Agreement in the Gulf of Tonkin and its implications for bilateral cooperation and development of friendly and neighboring relations between China and Vietnam.” Keywords: China, fishery management, Vietnam.
Keyuan, Zou. Seeking Effectiveness for the Crackdown of Piracy at Sea. Journal of International Affairs; Vol.59, No.1, Fall 2005, pg.117.
Overview of the importance of shipping lanes in the South China Sea to international trade and the various threats of piracy.
Kim, Duk-ki. A Korean perspective. Marine Policy Volume 29, Issue 2 , March 2005, Pages 157-161.
From South Korea’s perspective, the EEZ is a sui generic zone in which military and intelligence activities are limited or not allowed without the consent of the coastal State. This is equally applicable in peace and war. Although several States stress that Article 58 of the 1982 UNCLOS permits such activities, increasing EW and IW capabilities may result in reinterpretation of certain provisions of the 1982 UNCLOS
Kirk, Donald. Pirates of the Straits.
The possibilities for terrorism at sea are all too evident from the relative ease with which veteran pirates periodically board and pillage ships as they traverse the 550-mile-long Straits of Malacca before threading the eye of the needle between the crowded Singapore harbor, dominated by huge gantry cranes and oil refineries, and Indonesian islands.
Koknar, Ali M. Terror on the High Seas. Security Management; Vol.48, Iss. 6, Jun 2004, pg.75.
- Article outlines the rise of piracy as a type of organized crime and the extensive costs it imposes on the shipping industry.
Krasnow, Jay. Spratly Islands Dispute. Inventory of Conflict and Environment (ICE) Case Studies. May 1997.
- “Approximately 44 of the 51 small islands and reefs are claimed or occupied by China, the Philippines, Vietnam, Taiwan, Malaysia and Brunei. The conflict is the result of overlapping sovereignty claims to various Spratly Islands thought to possess substantial natural resources — chiefly oil, natural gas, and seafood.”
Kuan-Hsiung Wang. Bridge over troubled waters: Fisheries cooperation as a resolution to the South China Sea conflicts. The Pacific Review, Vol. 14 No. 4 2001: 531–551.
Kuan-Hsiung Wang. Bridge over troubled waters: Fisheries cooperation as a resolution to the South China Sea conflicts. The Pacific Review, Vol. 14 No. 4 2001: 531–551.
Laczko, Frank and June J.H. Lee. Developing Better Indicators of Human Trafficking for Asia. September 2003.
- “The phenomenon of human trafficking is today one of the major concerns of governments and organizations active in the field of migration…”
Lasater, Martin. Conflict in the Taiwan Strait: The American Response. February 2000.
- Under most conditions, the United States will intervene militarily to prevent the PRC from defeating Taiwan. Tables are provided to show possible scenarios and actions taken by Taiwan, and the PRC and American response to each scenario.
Law of the Sea.
Briefing book on the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea.
Leifer, Michael. Stalemate in the South China Sea. Asia Research Center, London School of Economics and Political Science. 1999.
- How the Spratly Islands came to be an issue of dispute. Suggests that, given limited current power projection capabilities, the dispute is in a state of stalemate. Keywords: ASEAN, Mischief Reef, Paracel Islands.
Leiter, Daniel and Stella Nordhagen. ASEAN Trade Patterns in the South China Sea Governing the South China Sea. Winter Term 2006, Middlebury College.
- “This website seeks to provide an overview of trade in the South China Sea Region, focusing particularly on the countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).” Keywords: AFTA, Financial Crisis.
Luft, Gal and Anne Korin. Terrorism Goes To Sea. Foreign Affairs, November/December 2004.
- “The number of pirate attacks worldwide has tripled in the past decade, and new evidence suggests that piracy is becoming a key tactic of terrorist groups. In light of al Qaeda’s professed aim of targeting weak links in the global economy, this new nexus is a serious threat: most of the world’s oil and gas is shipped through pirate-infested waters.” Keywords: oil, security, pirates, International Maritime Organization.
Maarif, Syamsul, and Indroyono Soesilo. Opinion and Editorial: Safeguarding Rich Marine Resources. The Jakarta Post,01/07/2008.
- Report on a meeting of six governments to discuss new measures to protect the resources of the Coral Triangle and support marine diversity.
Macartney, Jane. Asia Piracy Costs $25bln a Year, Says Expert. Planet Ark World Environment News, 11/12/2002.
- James Warren of the School of Asian Studies at Murdoch University in Australia reports on the increase in pirate attacks in the South China Sea area. The article also notes an increase in the use of technology by pirates to track and capture cargo ships in the region.
Mak, JN. Incidents at Sea: Shipjacking, Maritime Muggings, Thefts and Illegal Migration in Southeast Asia.
- Analyzes trends of increasing piracy and possible causes in the the South China Sea region.
MALACCA: The Impact of Transportation on Wildlife in the Malacca Straits [HTML version].
[Microsoft Word version]
- American University,Trade and Environment Database Project: “examines the globalization impact of transportation through the Straits of Malacca on undersea life…” Keywords: fishing, dugong, oil drilling.
Marine Policy
- Marine Policy is the leading journal of ocean policy studies. It offers researchers, analysts and policy makers a unique combination of analyses in the principal social science disciplines relevant to the formulation of marine policy. The journal covers: international, regional and national marine policies; institutional arrangements for the management and regulation of marine activities, including fisheries and shipping; conflict resolution; marine pollution and environment; conservation and use of marine resources.
Marine Protected Areas in South East Asia – Abstract and summary List
- Source: Asean Regional Center for Biodiveristy Conservation, 2002.
(URL: www.arcbc.org/arcbcweb/publications/mpa.htm)
-Full text PDF – 142 pages – 2.35 mb: DOWNLOAD HERE
Maritime Shipping in Northeast Asia: Law of the Sea, Sea Lanes, and Security. University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, Policy Paper 33, February 1998.
- Papers: Introduction by Michael Stankiewicz, Developments in Asian Maritime Trade by Stephen J. Meyrick, Northeast Asia: Transitional Navigational Issues and Possible Cooperative Responses by Mark J. Valencia, Marine Carriage of Petroleum with Special Reference to Northeast Asia by Chia Lin Sien, Sea Lines of Communication (SLOC) Security and Access by Dr. Stanley B. Weeks, Security of SLOCs in East Asia by Seo-Hang Lee.
Mastel, Greg. Ties That Will Bind China, Taiwan. LA Times, May 28, 2000.
- While economic ties between China and Taiwan are increasing, China continues to criticize any indications by Taiwanese leaders that Taiwan may seek independent status.
Medalia, Jonathan . Terrorist Nuclear Attacks on Seaports: Threat and Response, CRS Web, 2005.
-A terrorist nuclear attack on a US seaport could cause local devastation and affect the global economy. Terrorists might obtain a bomb in several ways, though each poses difficulties. Ability to detect a bomb appears limited. The United States is using technology, intelligence, international cooperation, etc., to try to thwart an attack. Issues for Congress include safeguarding foreign nuclear material, mitigating economic effects of an attack, and allocating funds between ports and other potential targets. This report will be updated as needed.
Medalia, Jonathan . Port and Maritime Security: Potential for Terrorist Nuclear Attack Using Oil Tankers, CRS Web, 2005.
- While much attention has been focused on threats to maritime security posed by cargo container ships, terrorists could also attempt to use oil tankers to stage an attack. If they were able to place an atomic bomb in a tanker and detonate it in a US port, they would cause massive destruction and might halt crude oil shipments worldwide for some time. Detecting a bomb in a tanker would be difficult. Congress may consider various options to address this threat. This report will be updated as needed.
Meyrick, Stephen J. IGCC Policy Paper 33: Developments in Asian Maritime Trade
- Overview of trends in trade and economic growth within Southeast Asia and their complementary relationship to trends in the region’s shipping industry from the 1970’s through 2000. Keywords: ASEAN, containers, dry bulk
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People’s Republic of China. Basic Stance and Policy of the Chinese Government in Solving the South China Sea Issue. 2000.
- “The Chinese Government has always stood for negotiated settlement of international disputes through peaceful means. In this spirit, China has solved questions regarding territory and border with some neighboring countries through bilateral consultations in an equitable, reasonable and amicable manner. This position also applies to the Nansha Islands.”
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People’s Republic of China. Historical Evidence to Support China’s Sovereignty over Nansha Islands. 2000.
- “China was the first to discover, name, develop, conduct economic activities on and exercise jurisdiction of the Nansha Islands.”
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People’s Republic of China. International Recognition of China’s Sovereignty over the Nansha Islands. 2000.
- “Many countries, world public opinions and publications of other countries recognize the Nansha Islands as Chinese territory.”
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People’s Republic of China. The Issue of South China Sea. June 2000.
- “China has indisputable sovereignty over the Nansha Islands and their adjacent waters.”
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People’s Republic of China. Jurisprudential Evidence to Support China’s Sovereignty over the Nansha Islands. 2000.
- “China has indisputable sovereignty over the Nansha Islands and it has ample jurisprudential evidence to support this.”
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People’s Republic of China. Nansha Islands – Origins. 2000.
- “China has indisputable sovereignty over the Nansha Islands and their adjacent waters.”
Mingjiang, Li. Pan-Tonkin Gulf Cooperation: De-securitising the South China Sea? RSIS Commentaries; Jan. 10, 2008.
- Article on the potential of the Pan-Tonkin Gulf cooperation proposal to de-securitise the South China Sea area and foster multilateral cooperation in maritime transportation, environmental protection, and joint resource exploitation.
Mo, John. “Options to Combat Maritime Piracy in Southeast Asia”. Ocean Development And International Law, 2000.
- “It is argued that some form of government cooperation involving most of the governments of the Southeast Asian region is the best way to combat maritime piracy, although it is not an easy task due to various political, economical, and historical reasons.” Keywords: IMB, shipping industry.
Mott, Patrick, “JOMSRE-3 Trip Report, South China Sea WWW VL, July 2006.
- Report on the Joint Philippine-Vietnamese Marine Scientific Research Expedition through the Spratly Islands during April 11-23, 2006.
The Nature Conservancy, Delineating the Coral Triangle, its ecoregions and functional seascapes.
20 scientists and GIs experts outlined the Coral Triangle, the area in Southeast Asia that comprises the highest reef biodiversity on Earth. Furthermore, sub-units (ecoregions and functional seascapes) were identified. This process is the first step in marine Ecoregional Conservation Assessment, The Nature Conservancy’s approach to priority setting.
New Power Dynamics in Southeast Asia: Changing Security Cooperation and Competition. The Stanley Foundation: Policy Dialogue Brief, 2007.
- A brief summary of the findings of the conference as interpreted by the project organizers. The summary touches on a number of different security issues within the region of Southeast Asia.
‘No proof’ that pirates have terror links. Singapore Press Holdings, 24 June 2004.
- KUALA LUMPUR – US intelligence services have found no evidence that pirates operating in the narrow Straits of Malacca have links to terror networks in Southeast Asia, a senior US admiral said yesterday.
Naess, Tom. Epistemic Communities and Environmental Cooperation in the South China Sea. University of Oslo.
This paper looks at the regional scientific community in the South China Sea region, and to what extent an informal workshop initiated by Indonesia, where regional experts are allowed to participate and exchange views, have contributed to a new political regime1/political behavior in the region.
Nakamura, Ken. Sea Piracy and Japan’s Security. Governing the South China Sea. (Winter Term 2006,) Middlebury College.
- Describes acts of piracy committed against Japanese ships, considers the economic implications of such acts, and suggests solutions. Keywords: Japan, Ocean Peacekeeping Force, Ship Loc
Nolt, James. The China-Taiwan Military Balance. January 2000. Published in Winston L. Yang and Deborah A. Brown, eds, Across the Taiwan Strait: Exchanges, Conflicts and Negotiations (Center for Asian Studies, St. John’s University, New York, 1999), pp. 181-219.
- While China is acquiring greater military capability in absolute terms, it is actually becoming weaker militarily relative to Taiwan and all of its other potential rivals except Russia.
Ng, Peter K. L. and K. S. Tan. The state of marine biodiversity in the South China Sea. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 8 (The Biodiversity of the South China Sea): 2000, 3-7.
- Discusses the obstacles facing biologists in the South China Sea trying to gauge biodiversity and provides link to checklists designed to help prevent misidentification of species. Keywords: marine organisms, Technical Working Group on Scientific Research
Nordhaug, Kristen. Taiwan and the South China Sea Conflict: the «China connection» revisited. University of Oslo.
In this paper I investigate the claims and policies of one less well-known party in the Spratly conflict, the Republic of China on Taiwan (ROC). My discussion focuses on how Taipei relates to the conflict between the PRC and Southeast Asian claimants.
Nossum,Johan Henrik. Baselines in the South China Sea. University of Oslo.
This paper is an introduction to the methodology of utilizing straight baselines, and it will present two areas where the development of the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) leads to uncertainties when applying the straight baseline regime. The paper will also look into the possibility to reduce the disputed area in the region by an appropriate appliance of the straight baseline regime, and if such an appliance could support UNCLOS’ role as a tool for conflict resolution
Odgaard, Liselotte. The South China Sea: ASEAN’s Security Concerns About China. Security Dialogue, Vol 34, 11-24, 2003.
- This article investigates whether the South China Sea is a source of internal disagreement or unity in ASEAN.
Odgaard, Liselotte. Conflict Control and Crisis Management between China and Southeast Asia: an Analysis of the Workshops on Managing Potential Conflicts in the South China Sea. Aarhus University.
- “It is the central contention of this paper that the workshops, within a setting of traditional military power balancing, have initiated a practice of coordination, consultation and limited cooperation between the entities which creates a basis for agreement on the limits of acceptable behavior in the South China Sea.” Keywords: Spratly, Workshops, UNCLOS, Mischief Reef.
Ong, Graham Gerard. Pre-empting Maritime Terrorism in Southeast Asia. Institute of South East Asian Studies, 29 November 2002.
- There is increasing evidence that al-Qaeda’s terrorist network has taken sail through their attacks on ships worldwide. Keyword: Cole, Bali, Diplomatic Conference on Maritime Security
Orbach, Michael K. Beyond the Freedom of the Seas. National Academy of Sciences Auditorium, Ocean Policy for the Third Millennium (Fourth Annual Roger Revelle Commemorative Lecture).13 November 2002.
-Most terrestrial space and resources were in the past “open access, common pool,” owned by no one and used by all . As densities of use increased, governance institutions developed to create order in that use, and to channel its costs and benefits. Such incursions to the “open access, common pool” notion are now occurring in the ocean, and in the atmosphere, creating significant changes.
O’Rourke, Ronald. CRS Report for Congress: China Naval Modernization: Implications for US Navy Capabilities. Congressional Research Service; Feb. 4, 2008.
- Report addressing the question of how China’s military modernization should be factored into decisions about US navy programs.
Ország-Land, Thomas . UN launches global initiative to defend Malacca straits. Jane’s Information Group, January 2005.
- “Military aggression and exploration endeavors conducted by China since 1992, however, have brought into question the validity of the 1992 joint declaration and raises the question of what long-term, peaceful solution could prevent the region from erupting into a continuum of military incidents over sovereignty rights to the natural resource-rich Spratly Islands.”
